The Old English Language Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Old English Language - Research Paper Example Sandwich, for demonstration, is spoken as "samwich". "D" is omitted and "N" becomes "m", and it makes simpler to pronounce. (Gardiner A 2003) Earlier than the Anglo-Saxons invaded, is the Language voiced in the British Isles were Celtic Jutes and Angles Saxons in the UK population their tribes were at conflict with the indigenous persons and shoved them back to the West and North to what is now Scotland and Wales. (Crystal D 1998) The initial Celtic Language still exists as Gaelic, Welsh, Breton and the Isle of Man. This is a new locality became the ground of the Anglo-Saxon or Angle-land ". The Language was alike to Modern Frisian. Old English three dialects: About 850, the Vikings invaded and leveraged by the Language of numerous North German phrases in their Language of Old Norse. The Language utilized in this time span (500-1100) called Old English. Christian missionaries presented the literacy and Language soaked up numerous Latin phrases, particularly phrases attached with the church. Old English Language was initially in writing in runic alphabet called Runic alphabet. It occurred out of 24 Runes Elder Futhark. It was in writing level in any direction. Similarly, the phrase alphabet is entitled after the Greek phrase alpha + beta. Many of the notes in the runic alphabet apparently resemble the Modern matching of (B, R, F, T, P and M). Graddol D et al, (2001) Middle English time span, it is tough to determine. The Normans invaded in 1066 and their leverage of the French Language to English, but not immediately. Middle English is said to start round 1150. When the Normans conquered England, French became the Language of power. French-speaking barons, abbots and bishops were in location in the name function in England. There was a tributary of French merchants and craftsmen who have traversed the boundary to take benefit of enterprise opportunities.

Commercial Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Commercial Law - Essay Example The passing of any risk associated with preservation of the property sold or in the process of being sold is governed by Section 20(1) of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 which provides as follows:- â€Å"Unless otherwise agreed, the goods remain at the sellers risk until the property in them is transferred to the buyer, but when the property in them is transferred to the buyer the goods are at the buyers risk whether delivery has been made or not.†3 The purchase of the six speed drill appears to have vested in Alex prior to dispatch by the seller since he paid for the drill via credit card over the telephone. According to Section 20(1) of the Sale of Goods Act, 1979 the property was transferred to Alex and while in transit remains at his risk. However, the drill did not conform to specifications since it was a three speed drill rather than the specified six speed drill. As a result, Alex as buyer has a right to reject non-conforming goods. The law presumes that the parties intend that the goods will fit the description as provided for in the sale of goods’ contract. If at the time of shipment the goods do not comport with the contract description: â€Å"†¦if there was a quantitative defect in the goods amounting to a breach of a fundamental term or to a breach of condition, or to a breach of an intermediate term which cause him serious prejudice.†5 A buyer is therefore at liberty to reject goods for the most part if they fail to correspond with the description of the goods sold via the contract for sale. This is possible even when the buyer does not incur any damages or loss as a result of the non-conforming goods.6 However the courts have taken pains to limit the application of this rule by effectively narrowing the ‘concept of the description of the goods.’7 It was held in Christopher Hill Ltd. v Ashington Piggeries Ltd [1972] AC 441that a statement contained in a contract may

Skydiving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Skydiving - Essay Example The reason behind this is the force of gravity. This gravity results in an acceleration of 9.8 m/s^2. Given this acceleration, the following formula determines how far the skydiver will travel in a given time: Air resistance is the force that acts against the gravity while the skydiver is accelerating downward. Air resistance acts upwards against the gravity which acts downwards. In the beginning, the push provided by air resistance is much smaller than the pull of gravity; therefore, the skydiver continues to accelerate downwards. However, as the skydiver falls faster and faster, the value of air resistance increases because of which the acceleration starts to decrease. Eventually, the force of air resistance becomes equal to that of the force of gravity. At this point, the skydiver stops accelerating and attains a constant speed. This constant speed is known as the terminal velocity. Terminal velocity is the maximum velocity that a particular body can reach when falling through the air. (Gordon et al 2000; Lenaker 2002) The cross-sectional area of the skydiver plays a very important role in how quickly or slowly the skydiver will reach their terminal velocity. This is because the cross-sectional area determines the amount of air resistance that will act on the skydiver. Greater the cross-sectional area, greater will be the force of air resistance. For example, a skydiver who falls in a spread eagle position will encounter a greater air resistance than one who falls head, or feet, first. This is where the role of parachutes comes in. As soon as the skydiver opens their parachute, their cross-sectional area increases, leading to an increase in the air resistance. This air resistance becomes greater than the gravity. The upward net force causes the skydiver to slow down. As the speed of the skydiver decreases, so does the air resistance, until the skydiver reaches terminal velocity again. (Gordon et al. 2000). Gordon, J. R.,

Fiduciary Duties for Directors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fiduciary Duties for Directors - Essay Example 4). The law specifies that some of the fiduciary duties of a director are care, loyalty and good faith. In Charitable Corp v. Sutton, it was explained that directors of corporations would be regarded as agents and trustees who were required by law to act with ‘fidelity and reasonable diligence† (p.6). These three duties also give rise to a fourth, but equally important duty, that of disclosure. Duty of disclosure means that directors are required to disclose full and truthful information when they are communicating with stakeholders. The Delaware Court of Chancery has in the past stated that â€Å"an obligation to the community of interest that sustains the corporation, to exercise judgment in an informed, good faith effort to maximize the corporation’s long term wealth creating capacity† (p.12). Directors of corporations that are facing insolvency owe fiduciary duties to the corporation itself and to shareholder, never to creditors. Duty of Loyalty This fid uciary duty can be traced back to the Guth v Loft case in which the state Supreme Court passed that â€Å"corporate officers and directors are not allowed to use their position of trust and confidence to further their private interests† (p.22). ... It is the way in which a director handles the corporation’s affairs that will determine whether or not his conduct led to a breach in loyalty duty. The Delaware fiduciary law lays out some of the situations in which duty of loyalty may be implicated. Thee include: contracts between the company and directors or other corporations in which the director may have some material interest, dealings between a parent company and a subsidiary, management buy outs, corporate reorganizations or acquisitions which may result in differing interests between the majority and minority stakeholders, insider trading, taking over corporate opportunities and competition by the directors with the company. If directors fail to act when faced with a known duty, they can be charged with violating duty of loyalty (p.24). Duty of Care Directors in corporations are obligated by Delaware law to seek ample information before making any business decision. They are also required to â€Å"act with the requis ite care in making such decisions† (p.32). Although the directors are requires to act with utmost diligence and highest level of due care, they are not obligated to read or to know each and every particular of a contract or any related legal documents. They only need considerable information about a particular situation so as not to make any careless decisions. If the directors are found to have made a decision out of gross negligence, then they can be charged in court for a breach in the duty of care. In order to act diligently, the law in Delaware requires that directors should regularly attend board meetings. They are also required to take their time to review, understand and evaluate all information that they have at their disposal and they should ensure

Prepare a persuasive speech on the importance of alcoholism Essay

Prepare a persuasive speech on the importance of alcoholism prevention. your audience is a group of 20 high school students and their parents - Essay Example Chemical properties of alcohol are such that it affects your Central Nervous System (CNS) which includes the â€Å"brain.† Alcohol in your blood decreases the brain activity and depresses the expression of certain anxieties. As a result, you feel better about yourself and less worried. Therefore, you feel more socially skilled. Even the physicians prescribe CNS depressants such as alcohol to treat anxiety, muscle tension, pain, insomnia and panic attacks. There are many other drugs that have similar effects to alcohol, example: narcotics, barbiturates, benzodiazepines and chloral hydrate. We need to understand why people crave for alcohol. It is not merely a person’s fault. Alcohol has the â€Å"addicting effect† on human beings due to its chemical properties. And also, individuals under the influence are usually violent. You may feel tough after you have had a beer. But the sad truth is â€Å"alcohol is controlling you†, not the other way around. Intoxicated individuals may neglect and abuse children, harm women and disabled or put their lives at risk. In many cases people have confessed that they were under the influence when behaving violently. Alcohol related violence is a severe social problem in the world. Over 100,000 students of age 18 to 24 are victims of alcohol-related sexual assault or rape. Another 400,000 students had unprotected sex while too intoxicated to know if they consented to having sex. If you are not concerned about the society at large you should be concerned about your own well being. Alcohol impairs your judgment, creates beer bellies and leads to hangovers. One day you might wake up from hangover to find out that you are a teenage mother, single parent, need an abortion, having AIDS or sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Alcohol consumption weakens the immune system. In other words alcoholics are more likely to die from AIDS, tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) compared to the

Community Policing Corruption Essay Example for Free

Community Policing Corruption Essay In today’s society, the amount of crime that occurs can be quite difficult to deal with and responsibility ends up falling on police to curtail it. Unfortunately, the infectious nature of crime often drags these assigned â€Å"stoppers† into the same mud that they are trying to prevent others from falling into. When officers abuse their legally sanctioned position of authority, it is known as police corruption. It is a persistent problem that is more significant in a criminal sense than the average person committing a crime because it is happening by a representative/protector of the law. Since police are not judiciaries, they do not determine who is guilty and thus undermine the law system when they do these crimes. Also, it is important to note that police corruption is not the same as an ordinary instance of crime. To elaborate, â€Å"Police corruption is an illegal use of organizational power for personal gain. The personal nature of the gain distinguishes corruption from brutality, perjury, illegal search, or any other law violations committed in the pursuit of such legitimate organizational goals as fighting crime. The organizational nature of the power used illegally excludes many crimes committed by policemen, such as burglary committed by a city police officer in his suburban town of residence in which he has no contact with the local police. That particular burglary would be merely a crime. A burglary committed by a police officer in his own police jurisdiction, under the protection of his colleagues or aided by his organizational knowledge of his colleagues’ practices, would be both a crime and an act of police corruption.† (Sherman, 31). As one can see, police corruption is a serious problem as it is almost always involves an associated act of crime. There is no room for this behaviour in fair environments and it cannot occur if society wishes to advance. Ultimately, police corruption cannot coexist with the concept of community policing because it is unethical and morally wrong, it is contrary to Robert Peel’s nine principles of policing and undermines effectiveness, and it offers no sense of accountability to the government and to the public. There is no logical way to justify corrupt actions by the police. Any time it occurs, it involves the â€Å"abuse of a legally sanctioned position of authority—in other words, the status of the police officer makes the crime possible. It is this abuse of a ‘sanctioned and sacred’ social position that makes police corruption so dangerous. It is the ultimate social inversion—the cops become criminals. (Police Corruption)† Instead of helping to fight crime, they end up contributing to the problem through means that are only available to them because of their sworn duties as protectors of the community. When corruption is revealed to the public, the police lose the confidence and trust that allows them to function and be legitimate. Corrupt acts are completely immoral as they are motivated by personal gain which demonstrates selfishness and a disregard of the well-being of society. The detrimental aspects of police misconduct cannot be overstated as they immediately threaten the possibility of effective police-community relationships. â€Å"In terms of public trust for law enforcement, recent polls show that only 56 percent of people rated the police as having a high or very high ethical standard as compared with 84 percent for nurses. Over the past few decades, great strides have occurred in the law enforcement profession. To begin with, many police agencies have avoided hiring candidates who have low ethical standards and have identified those onboard employees early in their careers who might compromise the departments integrity. In addition, research has discovered new methods of testing candidates for their psychological propensity to act ethically. However, unethical conduct by the nations police officers continues to occur in departments large and small. (Martin). Clearly, society has made some strides toward ensuring ethical and rational behaviour in the police force but it is impossible to root it out all the way to the individual level. For community policing to be effective, a high percentage of officers must be able to see the difference between right and wrong and take appropriate action. Recent studies offer some understanding of the phenomenon in the hope of rooting out this behavior that serves to undermine the overall legitimacy of law enforcement. Theories on the role of society in law enforcement, the negative influence of an officers department, and a persons own natural tendency to engage in unethical behavior have been offered as potential explanations. While some may argue that the â€Å"rotten apple† theory is the best explanation for this problem, the vast amount of evidence to the contrary is overwhel ming. Deviance rarely persists in an isolated environment but it thrives when it is adopted by an entity such as a department. To explain, â€Å"If we scan these activities then it must be plain that we are no longer dealing with individuals seeking solely personal gain but with group behaviour rooted in established arrangements. Police officers have to be initiated into these practises, rationalisations have to be produced to accept them, supervisors have to collude or turn a blind eye, justifications have to be sought to continue them, and organizations have either in some way to condone or encourage these activities or else fail to tackle them. This is social behaviour, conducted in groups within organizations, that is powerful enough to override the officer’s oath of office, personal conscience, departmental regulations and criminal laws (European Committee, 68).† For all of these events to occur, it is evident that a multitude of people inside the organization must collaborate and therefore it is rarely an isolated case of corruption. Corruption is highly contagious and this is illustrated well through theories such as the â€Å"slippery slope† and â€Å"grass vs meat eaters† This also explains why corruption is usually concentrated in certain precincts or areas instead of being dispersed. Sir Robert Peel was credited with the concept that the police depend on citizen cooperation in providing services in a democratic society. â€Å"Peel envisioned a strong connection between the police and the community (Police Corruption)†. Unfortunately, the existence of police corruption is contrary to all nine of his principles. The police’s basic mission is to prevent crime and disorder, which they only contribute to if they are corrupt. They rely on the public approval of their actions, which cannot happen in a just society (â€Å"community tolerance, or even support, for police corruption can facilitate a department’s becoming corrupt [Sherman, 32]). Corrupt police officers do not cooperate with the public; they avoid contact as they do not want to reveal their illicit nature. Since corrupt officers are aware of their actions, they might have improper judgement and use physical force. They fail to demonstrate absolutely impartial service by attempting to manipulate public opinion, do not become â€Å"one† with the public, they usurp the power of the judiciary, and sacrifice efficiency for personal gain by not devoting all of their effort to reducing crime and disorder. These corrupt officers also undermine effectiveness as they do not use their time as well as they should be, show only self-concern and indifference to the morality of the situation, and abuse resources. â€Å"The legal authority of police departments and the nature of law violations in their jurisdiction provide organizational resources that can be exploited for personal gain. The nature of these resources varies greatly among and within police departments according to the nature of police tasks performed and the social characteristics of the police task environment. A police department that is a corrupt organization can exploit the resources for internal profit. In all cases, exploitation of these resources for personal gain is an inversion of the formal goals of the organization. (Sherman, 38). Depending on exactly what type of resources the organization deals with, they may or may not be suitable for exploitation. Federal drug enforcement entities constantly deal with opportunities to make a lot of illicit profit whereas Secret Services almost never has chances to make illicit gains at all. In many situations, police may lose some or all of their accountability to the public or government if they do not act with the appropriate intentions. Accountability is a vital element of not just community policing but policing in general. If the police are to achieve their goal which should be lawfulness and legitimacy, they require effective accountability procedures. â€Å"Lawfulness and legitimacy, in turn, are essential if the police are to achieve their goals of reducing crime and disorder, enhancing the quality of neighborhood life, and serving community needs. A lack of legitimacy inhibits the development of working partnerships that are an essential ingredient in community policing and problem oriented policing. Contrary to the popular view that effective crime control and respect for constitutional principles are competing values in policing, experts today increasingly recognize that lawful conduct and accountability are essential for crime-fighting. (Walker, 1). While it is apparent that lawfulness and legitimacy must be upheld in order to serve the community, a fundamental principal of a democratic society that the police should be held accountable for their actions. This includes choosing what actions they take and how they perform. This is especially true in post-conflict environments where police forces are viewed as brutal, corrupt, and unfair. In order to maintain a healthy relationship, a â€Å"liberal society must be maintained, complaints about the police must be addressed, and police themselves must be protected by disgruntled acts by the community† (Accountability and Police). At the same time, police must keep a healthy distance to avoid excessive personal interaction which leads to preferential treatment, discretion, and favouritism. Furthermore, it is important to note that, â€Å"The accountability of police to the public is undermined when charges are often dropped while officers under investigation are usually suspended with pay. In other words, there is no real certainty of punishment and this de-legitimizes any notion of public accountability and respect for the law (Police Corruption). In the eyes of the public, it is already bad enough that the officer are taking advantage of their position of authority but to have them face virtually no consequences is beyond demoralizing. In order for community policing to exist, the public must be confident in the fact that the police are not taking advantage of their position and are accountable in and out of service. In conclusion, because police corruption is unethical and morally wrong, violates all of Robert Peel’s principles, and shows a complete disregard of the notion of accountability, it is impossible to coincide with effective community policing. Police corruption is the illegal use of organizational power for personal gain and unfortunately a still a common occurrence in modern society. It is crucial for the police, as protectors of society, to not allow themselves to stoop so low. The community has to be able to know that no matter what police might have to deal with, they will remain pure and free of corruption in order to begin forming positive relationships. Methods of containing corruption include abolishing existing precedures that encourage corruption, letting go of any member that demonstrates corrupt tendencies, requiring a certain level of accountability, and many other steps. Organizations such as the Special Investigations Unit have made strides in reducing corruption however it is not nearly enough. If corruption is controlled to a point where it no longer has a detrimental impact to society, community policing can have enough room to develop. â€Å"Preventing corruption completely is a tall order. However, steps can be taken to reduce it significantly. There are a few fundamental ideas that can be implemented that can, by their very nature, curb corruption. The three areas that need attention are the officer training, personal characters, and the incentives program. The first step is to hire police officers of good character. Stricter screening methods need to be implemented to decrease the chance that a potential hire will become corrupt. Once an officer is hired, the department should do all it can to promote ethics on the job. The department must understand that the citizens trust the police to be ethical, and a breach of that trust is unjust. Further, it is not practical to act unethically. People eye the police and their behavior constantly. Corruption in the force makes it easier for a citizen to rationalize acting unlawfully, which just creates more work for the police. If a police officer, who is allegedly the pillar of the law, can defy it, why cannot the citizens who pay for the police services? (White) A corrupt police officer cannot very well express effectively why citizens should obey the law, for he has no consistency and thus no credibility. Works Cited Sherman, Lawrence W. Scandal and Reform: Controlling Police Corruption. N.p.: University of California, 1978. Print. Police Powers and Accountability in a Democratic Society. N.p.: 2000. Google Books. Web. http://books.google.ca/books?id=cVAOfvU1o-wC. Walker, Samuel. Police Accountability: Current Issues and Research Needs. National Institute of Justice Police Planning (2006): 1-35. National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. http:/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/218583.pdf. White, Stuart A. Controlling Police Corruption. Stanford University. N.p., 4 June 1994. Web. 25 Jan. 2012. http://www.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/paradox/hwhite.html. Martin, Rich M.S. Police Corruption: An Analytical Look Into Police Ethics. FBI. N.p., May 2011. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/may_2011/law_enforcement_professionalism.

Natureview Farm Case

Natureview Farm Case Natureview Farm is a company that manufactures organic yogurt and is the industry leader with 24% market share. Its manufacturing process including the special recipe, longer shelf-life, no artificial ingredients, and product variety differentiated the brand and positioned it distinctively. The yogurt was produced in Vermont and sold in natural food stores only. The current predicament is for them to create a strategic plan, based primarily on distribution-oriented options, to exceed the $20 million revenue mark by the end of FY 2001. This was fueled by the withdrawal of the venture capitalist firm. The distribution strategies revolve around staying in the natural foods stores or further expanding out in to the supermarket channel. Therefore, the problem definition is that there is a need to expand and increase customer base to drive sales which would result in increases in revenues to meet corporate objective. Appendix 1 has a SWOT analysis that will help guide the rest of the discu ssion. Appendix 2 briefly explains the three options in question and has a financial forecast for all three options if they were pursued. Option 1 seems to attain the highest revenue and profit. The firm however would be risking entering the mass market distribution channel which would be a significant shift with its current operations i.e. both the marketing and operations of the firm would need to be re-aligned to meet the large distribution channel. Setting up and effective execution may not be reliably predicted given the 12 month implementation plan. Moreover, horizontal channel conflicts would also possibly be occur due to the customers buying the same product at a cheaper price at a more accessible location. This would give the supermarkets more channel power due to them being able to drive higher sales. Overall, the 8oz market has a 3% expected growth rate, and this number needs to be taken into account as well since it’s not as high as some of the other realized trends which will be discussed below. Option 2 has the next best revenue but not a great profit margin. Again, similar to the previous option, the firm would be entering the mass market distribution channel with all the risks highlighted above including horizontal channel conflict. With this option, the growth rate of the size of the yogurt is at 2% per year; however, the gross profit per sale is relatively high at 43.6%. Again, there is a slower growth rate present here but what’s more important to note is the lack of support provided by retailers for this size of the product. Given that a significantly smaller population purchases the larger tubs, the supermarkets place it in the lowest shelves in-stores and thus, may be overlooked in most scenarios. Finally, Option 3 gives a better profit than the former but not sufficient revenue. Nevertheless, this option highlights the trend and the researched growth rate of 12.5% with the children’s market and multi-pack sales which is an opportunity to capitalize on. This option also bears the least amount of risk due to minimal investment, maintaining and enhancing relationships with existing intermediaries and channel partners, and not having to undergo marketing changes such as brand positioning, or significant production changes. Gross profits with product sales here are 37.6%. There are some critical issues and analysis that need to be investigated before recommending which option be best for Natureview Farm. The first critical issue is that of keeping the company’s existing stance in mind: â€Å"We owe it to our customers, our suppliers, and our distribution partners to make the right strategic choices†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The second is that of not being able to secure other financing options for the company which implies that high-risk initiatives need to be chosen with extra caution. The channel flow analysis in Appendix 3 shows the differences between the supermarket channel and the natural foods channel. The relationship of the incentive compatibility with the service output of bulk-breaking is important since bulk-breaking is one of the primary value-added services that the intermediaries provide, which in turn increases the price of the yogurt for the end consumer. In addition, the product shelf-life is another factor that’s relevant with regard to service output demands. Both these factors are high in demand for the natural foods channel but not the supermarket channel which implies higher incentive compatibility with the former channel partnership. Consumers in turn would also want to be able to purchase a product that lasts longer and is broken down for them already. In the supermarket channel it can also be seen that there are more responsibilities added for Natureview to deal with such as merchandising, payments such as the slotting fee, and added promotions. The natural foods channel has these responsibilities eliminated and has further benefits such as tracking paperwork being down with the intermediaries and the information being passed upstream to Natureview. This does end up increasing the cost due to the additional work done by the intermediaries. The key issue is the horizontal conflict that could potentially occur due to channel power shifts and lack of control from the natural foods channel. Research showed that 67% of the US consumers find that price is a barrier to them purchasing the organic yogurt; this implies that these price sensitive individuals would be more inclined in purchasing the product at the supermarket. Based off the analysis, the best alternative to go forth with would be Option 3. This is mainly because it is the best channel that would avoid any horizontal conflicts stemmed because of a power struggle between the two separate channels. Option 3 also capitalizes on a growing trend in the market and the natural foods industry is expected to grow at 20% annually as well. It would be of interest to maintain and enhance the existing relationships with the channel partners since adding the supermarket channel into the system would make the partnership with the natural foods channel incompatible due to lack of incentives. Furthermore, this is the least risky option that they can invest in with higher returns on investment in comparison with the other options. With existing happy customers, a premium brand position, and strong partnerships with distributors like Wholefoods, Natureview can leverage its equity sources to increase revenue and market share by manufacturing the multipacks tar geted towards the younger population. The decision matrix in Appendix 4 further supports this recommendation. Appendix 1 – SWOT Analysis SWOT ANALYSIS – NATUREVIEW FARM STRENGTHS: No artificials, natural ingredients Market leader with 24% share in Natural Foods Channel Highest shelf-life products Strong Channel Partner Relationships WEAKNESSES: Highly dependent on brokers Only in natural food channel/not supermarket Still a small share in the full yogurt market OPPORTUNITIES: 12.5% growth rate with multi-packaged products for children Supermarket channel THREATS: Not sufficient capital and financing options No experience with supermarket channel Competition intensifying; Horizon Organic with 19% market share Cannibalization of sales Appendix 2 – Three options: Financial forecast Option 1 Forecasted Income Statement (Isolated) Price = $0.74 Revenue $25,900,000 COGS $10,850,000 Gross Profit $15,050,000 Expenses Advertising $2,400,000 Sales $200,000 SGA $320,000 Marketing $120,000 Slotting Fee $1,200,000 Trade Promotions $3,840,000 Broker Fee $1,036,000 Net Income $5,934,000 Option 2 Forecasted Income Statement (Isolated) Price = $2.7 Revenue $14,850,000 COGS $5,445,000 Gross Profit $9,405,000 Expenses Advertising $0 Sales $160,000 Marketing $120,000 Slotting Fee $2,560,000 Trade Promotions $4,096,000 Broker Fee $594,000 Net Income $1,875,000 Option 3 Forecasted Income Statement (Isolated) Price = $3.35 Revenue $6,030,000 COGS $2,070,000 Gross Profit $3,960,000 Expenses Advertising $0 Sales $0 Marketing $250,000 Slotting Fee $0 Trade Promotions $0 Cost of Complementary Cases $150,750 Broker Fee $241,200 Net Income $3,318,050 All the tables presented above have used data from the case for the numbers. The cost of each SKU is derived from Exhibit 3. The Expenses have been derived from the options described in the case. The statements are isolated i.e. they do not take into consideration existing operations and sales of products through the nature foods channel – they are only assessing the options themselves at an individual level. Appendix 3 – Channel Flow Analysis and Incentive Compatibility Supermarket Channel 15% Markup 27% $0.74 Natureview Physical possession à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Ownership à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Promotion à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Payment (Slotting Fee) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Merchandising à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Ordering à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Payment à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Sales data à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Riskingà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Negotiationà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Distributor Physical possessionà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Ownershipà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Promotionà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Paymentà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Merchandising à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Ordering à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Payment à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Sales data à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Riskingà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Negotiationà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Retailer Physical possessionà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Ownershipà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Promotionà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Payment à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Sales data à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Riskingà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Consumer Natural Foods Channel 7% Markup 9% 35% $0.88 Naturev-iew Physical possession à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Ownership à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Free product caseà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Ordering à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Payment à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Sales data à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Tracking paperwork à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Riskingà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Negotiationà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Natural Foods Wholesaler Physical possession à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Ownership à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Free product caseà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Ordering à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Payment à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Sales data à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Tracking paperwork à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Riskingà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Negotiationà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Natural Foods Distributor Physical possessionà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Ownershipà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Stocking shelvesà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Bulkbreakingà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Payment à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Sales data à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Riskingà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Free product caseà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Ordering à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Payment à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Riskingà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Negotiationà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Retail-er Physical possessionà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Ownershipà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Payment à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Riskingà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Consumer Appendix 4 – Decision Matrix