How People Make Economic Decisions free essay sample

Society must decide how to limit resources and how to distribute them among consumers, which means to have one thing a person likes he or she must give up another thing they like. The next principle: when a person chooses one thing, he or she must give up something else. This principle is the decision a person has to make prior to a purchase. He or she must decide whether the dollar intended to be spent can or cannot be used on another necessity. Next: rational people think at the margin; a person’s rational willingness to purchase something is on the marginal benefit the purchase will bring to the person. Finally people respond to incentives; retailers often use incentives to get consumers to spend money, encouraging them to spend now, is to save, and earn rewards later. There are three basic economic ideas that rationalize how people make decisions, and they are; people are rational, people respond to economic incentives, and optimal decisions are made at the margin (Hubbard and O’Brien 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on How People Make Economic Decisions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Economists believes that people as well as firms uses the information they can to obtain their goal, they weigh the costs and benefits and chooses the action or benefit that out weighs the cost. Different motives cause people to act on economic incentives; envy, compassion, and religious belief are a few of these motives. Last October I had to make the decision to buy medication for chemo, or pay the light bill. Money was scarce, and the medication was very necessary, so I decided to buy the medication. The lights were cut off two days later. The incentive of keeping the lights could have led to me making a different decision; however, my life is more important. The principles of economics relating to decision making is basically reflect the laws of economics, such as supply, and demand. As mentioned earlier, people respond to incentives, makes trade-offs, and weigh cost against benefits. As people trade their utilities increases; markets make it easier to trade, and with government intervention, some trading can be controlled. When produce goods and services are at an all-time high, living standards rises. As the government prints too much money, prices will rise, and people will face trade-offs between unemployment and inflation, these actions are known as macro behavior. There are mathematical principles in economics as well such as microeconomics; as supply falls, prices rise, and as demand falls, prices fall. The economic systems consist of four basic systems, and three of these systems are the market economy, the planned economy, and the mixed economy. The market economy; individuals makes his or her economic decisions, such as what job, and training to take, how to invest their resources, what to produce such as goods, and services and what to consume. The planned economy is run by the government; it decides how to dispense resources, adjusts prices, and wages and can determine what job a person may do. The mixed economy is where the market and individuals make the economic decisions; however, the government also plays an important part in maintaining resources. Finally, consumers, business managers, and government officials make decisions every day. These decisions make the economy; people make choices about how to spend his or her money to meet their goals and attain the resources needed to reach these goals. However, some resources are scarce and people have to make trade-offs to meet his or her demand, which means giving up one thing he or she likes for another. References Button, A. (1999-2013). Principles of Economics with a Guide to critical thinking. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/info_8035299_principle=economics-guide-critical-thinking. html Hubbard, R. G. , OBrien, A. P. (2013). Economics (4th Ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson. Power, M. (1999-2013). Four Principles of Individual

A Sample Scholarship Essay Is Helpful in Choosing the Right Applicant

A Sample Scholarship Essay Is Helpful in Choosing the Right ApplicantThe most important aspect of a scholarship application is a sample essay. You should not pay any attention to the writer's capabilities, because you need to find one that will suit your needs. All in all, samples can be quite useful in identifying those writers who will meet your needs. You will get a list of those samples that you have chosen.Sample essays are designed by writing groups that meet to develop and revise materials. There is usually a writer that will provide feedback to help writers with the content, structure, style, as well as the format. You can also ask for the specifics of the writer, as it is not uncommon for colleges to have writers who specialize in specific topics.In most cases, those writers who specialize in a certain subject, such as business, education, or humanities, can supply samples for those who do not want to spend much time browsing through samples. These are usually sent out via e mail or fax, but other methods can also be used. The way to recognize sample essays is to read over them. The actual sample essay must not be a slight variation from the actual one, because it will need to be adhered to.If you encounter a sample which is very lengthy, it means that the writer does not understand how to write for the reader, and therefore, does not want to write for the reader. In most cases, the writer could not really articulate his thoughts and hence, provide inaccurate information. Instead, he should give only basic information about himself.One thing to note, even if you do not have time to look over the entire essay, just skim the first few lines and ask questions. If the answers were inaccurate or inaccurate for this particular topic, then the writer should correct them. Since the reader's response to questions is very important, then the writer should respond to the reader in detail. This is very important.Sample essays can be submitted at any time. Anytime t hat the applicant has free time and does not have many things to do, then he can always start a research on the topic. Once he has found a topic that he likes, he can easily come up with his own writing style and information, which will make his essay even more unique.The best way to determine whether the sample essay is good or not is to read through it. Although there are no specific standards, the writing must have enough information to give adequate information. The essay must not be too long, and the sample must not contain errors.

How to Write a 500 Word Essay Tips Tricks - Bestessay4u

Have you just stepped in writing another 500-word essay for one of your college classes? From â€Å"very simple and enjoyable† to â€Å"the disastrous Armageddon,† different students perceive this assignment differently, but all of them realize it is essential to earn a good grade by the end of the term. It will impact the overall grade-point average (GPA). In this post, we will discuss a recommended outline for the 500 word essays, their purposes, possible topics to cover, and some useful writing hints that can help you write your paper. What is 500 Word Essay? Brief Definition A 500-word essay is a common format academic task that college students should handle. The main idea is to cover a specific topic or reply to the particular question addressed in the prompt. Sometimes, students have to pick a topic on their own. Students who mastered a subject and developed a personal opinion on it will not find it very challenging, but, sill, it is important to keep in mind the basics. A 500-word essay can be one of the following: Definition (identify and interpret a term) Narrative (tell a story) Reflection (describe an episode form your life) Expository (explain a topic in details) Compare contrast (find differences and similarities between subjects) Cause effect (list the reasons and consequences of something) Argumentative (present your position regarding some topic) Persuasive (convince someone in something) Select the type of essay carefully as each has different goals. Tips on How to Write a Good 500 Word Essay What is beautiful in writing is that every writer has a personal style. You should decide on the voice before writing a paper. Would it sound formal or funny? How do you plan to persuade people? It all depends on the goals of your writing that are predetermined by the type of essay you choose. If you have to inform, make it just an informative essay, but insist on your idea and try to prove it if you deal with persuasive writing. A 500-essay should be double-spaced so that it will take something around 2 pages long. It should not exceed 50 words as the main idea is to check how you can cover topics concisely and clearly. Pick Times New Roman and Calibri in a 12th font size. One more success factor is a topic that you choose. In most cases, tutors do not assign a specific one, so do your best to select the best ideas for your writing. Brainstorm with your group mates using the internet or your college library. If you find enough sources related to the specific topic, feel passionate for observing it in-depth, and get the approval of your tutor, start writing a paper on this subject.   How to Start a 500 Word Essay: 10 Great Topics to Choose from So, it all starts from the topic selection. Students often make mistakes by picking the topics that lack related information. You should make sure you can collect enough materials to use in your work before approving the topic. Also, you should be competent in the field and passionate about the specific subject. Here are some examples of excellent 500-word essay topics from various categories: How to depict true love in a fairy tale? Does marriage destroy feelings? Living with mental disabilities. How to earn good profits with the help of the world wide web? The effectiveness of knowledge assessment tests in high schools. The meaning of â€Å"all-round † Issues that unemployed people may face. How can young start-ups overcome obstacles during the first operating year? Is space exploration worth huge expenses? Zoos have to be banned around the world. You may pick one of the offered ideas or come up with an original title for your work. The next significant thing to take care about while composing a 500-word essay is its outline. Guide on How to Structure a 500 Word Essay Now, we should talk about the proper 500 word essay structure. Put down a general skeleton of what you believe is worth including in your essay. Keep your outline open so that you can add new points and ideas at any time. Do not start writing until you’re ready with your structure plan. You’ll see how your thoughts will become more coherent and clear. On the whole, an outline serves as an action plan, preventing you from getting lost in the woods of academic writing. That is why you should develop one even if your teacher does not require it. A paper should have an intro with a hook and thesis statement, body paragraphs with claims and supporting evidence, and conclusion with restated thesis statement, summary, and solutions (final answer). Below, we will discuss every section in more details. 500 Word Essay Introduction Paragraph to Catch an Eye In the opening paragraph of your essay, you should describe the topic of your paper. State what you plan to discuss and why it might be useful. Provide background information (for example, the origins of the problem). Discuss which points you will talk about in the body of your project. The first paragraph is your narrative door, so try to make it eye-catching and appealing. Move to the body part once ready with your intro. 500 Word Essay Body to Prove Your Point The primary and largest part of an academic project is its body. Fully describe and develop so-called claims, which are the topic sentences of each body paragraph. Base the text of your body on a solid ground enriching it with citations, facts, examples, and other evidence obtained from the external sources such as books, magazines, journals, scholarly articles, etc. Involve transitions at the beginning of every paragraph and at the end to show how the paragraphs of your body are related to each other. Make sure to have a clear concluding sentence for each section. After that, work on your conclusion. 500 Word Essay Conclusion to Leave a Long-Long-Lasting Impression It is the final section of your essay. A writer should sound the most critically in some respects. Your claims must bloom into a thesis statement, a position that turns into public material. The conclusion should motivate your audience to keep on studying the question. First, restate the thesis statement. Then, share a summary of the topic sentences from your body. Offer meaningful solutions and some forecasts for future studies (optional). You may end with a rhetorical question to leave the readers intrigued. So, is there something else to add? Need Help with Urgent Assignment? We Know Where to Find It Once you are done with writing your paper, let your draft rest aside. Then, check grammar, syntax, and spelling or leave the process of editing to the professional team of writers and essay editors. We are ready to offer such services! Our writing service can either write a 500-word essay from scratch or offer essay proofreading editing to make sure your own work corresponds to the highest standards of academic writing place an order now!

Hate-crime Legislation

Hate-crime Legislation Free Online Research Papers A public policy issue that is fairly new is that of hate crimes. After Matthew Shepard was brutally beaten and left to die, and did, people began to understand the magnitude of these hate crimes and wanted to do something. I have found many web sites and legislation on the subject that support laws against hate crimes. Although most people think hate crimes are specifically against homosexuals, many other people are affected by them. Hate crimes are committed based on gender and race, ethnicity and religion as well as physical disability. Laws prohibiting hate crimes would be beneficiary for many people from many different backgrounds. After September 11, many hate crimes were committed against people of any kind of Arab background. Many people are at risk of becoming a victim of a hate crime, and there is legislation out there to try to prevent them from happening. Prevention is very hard to accomplish, but at least we can hope that those who commit hate crimes will pay for what they do. Also, the public needs to become more concerned about the well-being of those attacked because of their sexual orientation instead of just those attacked based on race, religion, or other forms of discrimination. â€Å"Hate-crime legislation increases a criminals sentence if it can be proven that the crime of which they were found guilty was motivated by hatred of the victim because of their race, religion, sex, or some other factor. Hate speech legislation criminalizes the denigration, ridicule, or expression of hatred against a person or group on the basis of the victims race, religion, etc.† (religioustolerance.org) The effects of hate crimes have been noticed and the government has put into effect laws against hate crimes. However, certain types of individuals are being left out. â€Å"Twenty-three states and the District of Columbia have established some sort of mechanism to respond to and/or record information about hate crimes related to sexual orientation. Of these only the states of California, Minnesota, Vermont, and the District of Columbia also identify transgendered people as a protected group for purpose of hate crime laws.† (Meide, 2000) Therefore, over half the states, including North Carolina, do not have laws against hate crimes specific to sexual orientation. â€Å"Although the federal Hate Crimes Statistics Act requires the United States Justice Department to collect and repot on information about hate violence related to sexual orientation, recording and reporting of information by all local police is not required.† (Meide, 2000) The government, especially local government and police, seem very lax about the issue of hate crimes because of sexual orientation. What these states are trying to do is put an end to hate crimes. However, the way the United States is right now, homosexuals and especially transgendered people do not have the rights that people who are victims of hate crimes for other reasons, such as race, have. Many people in this country oppose homosexuality and can turn their head when a hate crime is committed. From what I have read, the public opinion on hate crimes appears to be in favor of laws against them. However, I do believe that laws against hate crimes based on sexual orientation are not as favored as laws for other forms of hate crimes. Most of the people who want to see these types of laws strongly enforced are homosexuals and transgendered people. Most people do not want to see that a gay man has been brutally murdered on the news. They want to believe that things of this nature do not take place in our society. They are also unwilling to do anything to help. â€Å"It is important to note that both anti-discrimination and hate crimes laws do not only protect members of, for example, ethnic, religious, or sexual minorities. These laws protect all people from hatred and unfair treatment based upon, for example, a person’s race, religion, and sexual orientation.† (Meide, 2000) Several different types of people benefit from this public policy. Any type of hate crime or anti-discrimination is protected by the legislation. Those who cost from this public policy would be the ones who commit the crimes. Stronger punishments are being enforced for people who commit hate crimes. Many people who are against this bill have said they oppose it because it makes thought a crime. It does not. This is about actionsmotivated by hatred. (religioustolerance.org) Tate said this about a defeated hate crime bill in Colorado. The main argument against hate crime laws is that the crimes being committed are of thought. That does not make any sense. These people are not thinking about brutally attacking someone. They are actually doing it. We have seen evidence of this several times. Actually, people who might be thinking about committing a hate crime might decide against it because of the punishment that would follow if caught. â€Å"The opportunity to be threatened, humiliated, and to live in fear of being beaten to death is the only ‘special right’ our culture bestows on homosexuals.† (Carma) A public policy issue that is very important in our society is being actively supported by many homosexuals and transgendered people. However, there are dissenting opinions about every issue. Many people oppose and not very many states have tried hard to help the situation. When it comes to hate crimes based on sexual orientation, the public does not care very much. It will take a new perspective on the issue to help pass stricter laws and enforce them. Carma, Diane. Denver Post. hatecrime.org/index.html Meide, Wayne van der. Legislating Equality: A Review of Laws Affecting Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered People in the United States. January 1, 2000. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. religioustolerance.org/_hat9.htm Research Papers on Hate-crime LegislationCapital PunishmentThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresHip-Hop is ArtEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Direct and Internet Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Direct and Internet Marketing - Essay Example e in the intensity of competition, organizations have understood that in order to stay ahead in this intense competition they need to focus on marketing. In today’s competitive business scenario marketing is the key for the success of any company or product or brand. In the last few years various new concepts of marketing have arrived in the market. Direct marketing is one of these newly developed marketing concept which is one of the most widely used marketing strategies that most of the organizations are adopting. In direct marketing potential customers are approached individually and this is one of the main reasons behind the huge acceptance of direct marketing. Another important factor that has redefined the term ‘marketing’ is internet. It has been found that in the last decade internet has arrived as one of the largest medium of communication. Today, in most of the developed as well as developing countries, products are purchased by the consumers online. So, it can be stated that both direct and internet marketing are two of most important concepts of marketing. This paper includes a detail overview of direct and internet marketing from both theoretical and application perspective. Bothe marketing concepts are discussed in the context of an organizations named Carbon Trust which is a UK based organization. Direct marketing could be referred to a process but not a technology. The process of direct marketing is aimed at not only selling the product but also creating and maintaining healthy customer relationships that would be profitable for the organization in future (Nash, 2000). As far as the definition of direct marketing is concerned, the most widely accepted one is provided by the direct marketing association. According to this association direct marketing could be considered as an interactive process where advertising media is used with the purpose of effecting a measurable transaction and/or response at a particular location. Direct marketing is

Public law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Public law - Essay Example This right represents entitlements of an individual or groups visa-vis the government, in addition to responsibilities of an individual and authorities in the government. These kinds of rights are ascribed naturally (Bernan, 2008). Usually, these rights are advanced as legal rights in most constitutions and are secured by the rule of law. The right to protest however in the United Kingdom’s constitution is separate from and prior to law, and is used as a basis for formulating or criticizing both local and international law (Bernan, 2008). Even though various basic rights like the right to protest in the streets should be provided with sufficient protection under any circumstances since there is provision of this. This is provided for in international human rights records like the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights among others. However, whatever this merits in collaboration with the other UK constitutional arrangement aspects, flexibility has been proven to b e problematic where the fundamental individual liberties are concerned. The imprecision attending flexibility in the UK constitution has left its citizens uncertain regarding the disposition and limitations of the rights they have and regarding their relationship with state institutions. In short, rights such us the right to protest in the United Kingdom constitution are residual in that they exist to the extent that statutory or common law rules have not restricted them (Bernan, 2008). 2. The rights protected by The European Convention of Human Rights. This convention clearly postulates several freedoms and rights such us the right to life, prohibition of torture, prohibition of slavery and forced labor, right to liberty and security, right to an impartial trial, no punishment without law, right to respect for private and family life, freedom of belief, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and association, right to marry, right to an effective remedy and prohibition of discri mination. Parties undertook to ensure that these rights and freedoms are equally secured to everyone within their jurisdiction. International enforcement machinery is also established by the convention. The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg was set up to make certain that the observances of the engagements are undertaken by the parties also dealing with individual and inter-state petitions. The Court has the mandate to give advisory opinions pertaining to the interpretation of the conventions and the protocols thereto as requested by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (Delmas-Marty, 1992). The control machinery which was set up by the convention has undergone some restructuring as a result of the entry into force of Protocol No. 11 to the convention on 1st November, 1998. Following this, all suspected violations of human rights are directly referred to the court. Usually, during the cases, the Court sits in Chambers of seven judges. It determines the acce ptability and merits of submissions and undertakes an investigation if necessary. With a view to safeguarding a friendly settlement of the matter based on respect for human rights as stipulated in the Convention and the protocols thereto, the Court will also put itself at the disposal of the parties. Court hearings are public unless the Court decides otherwise in situations of circumstances regarded as exceptional (Delmas-Marty, 1992). 3. The human rights act 1998 and the way in which the rights protecte

Industrialized Building System (IBS) | Literature Review

Industrialized Building System (IBS) | Literature Review CHAPTER 2:Â  LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The objectives of this chapter will identify and study into the details and provide the literature review of Industrialized Building System (IBS). In this literature review of building system will also be covered in this chapter. The contents will focus on definitions of IBS, characteristic of building in Malaysia with application of IBS, advantages of IBS and disadvantages of IBS. The 5 types of widely used IBS in Malaysia project will be study in this chapter. In addition, the comparison of suggestion method which use of IBS in different building in Malaysia will be carried out in this chapter. Besides that, the systematic solution by applying IBS in current Malaysia projects which able to reduce waste during construction project life cycle which able to create and heading toward friendly or eco environment compare to conventional method will be carried out in this chapter. 2.1.1 Definition of IBS According to Dietz (1971), in the early literature defined IBS as the whole process of all the subsystems and components make full utilized of industrial production, transport and assembly technology. The IBS system is actually apply in construction industry is mainly to reduce input and generate more output by maximize or fully utilized the production, transportation and assembly during construction stage which indirectly save up a lot of time and costs for the process of above. (Dietz 1971) Meanwhile according Warszawski (1999), IBS defined as a set of interrelated elements, to take collective action that the designated and performance of the building. In additional, IBS is defined as a process of investment in facilities, technology and equipment, to minimize the amount of labour in the site, to improve the quality of building and to increase the speed of construction. From here we noticed that not only time and cost is being save up but indeed quality also can be improve by applying IBS. (Warszawski 1999). According to Parid (1997), IBS defined as a industrialized production technology used by the system, whether in component production or assembly of building. (Parid 1997) The interpretation from Esa et al (1998), IBS as continuous use of the system, so that the manufacturing use end-user to reduce waste of resources and enhance the value of each building craftsmen. (Esa etal 1998) According to CIDB, IBS is a construction process that transferring the substantial activities from site to factory where the building components are manufacture in factory then delivery to site and assembled at site. This is the process that involve prefabricated the elements of building in factory by using machine or formwork and on-site installation. 2.1.2 Classification of IBS In early stages, Badir (1998) proposed four types in Malaysia with Badir-Razali classification. These building systems which is conventional system, cast in situ system, composite building system and the prefabricated system is shown in Figure 2.1. Each building system is composed of representatives of the respective construction methods, thus further through its construction characteristics of the technology, features and geometry. (Badir 1998) Figure 2.1 : Types of building system according to Badir-Razali classification in Malaysia (Badir 1998) IBS also can be classified according to several aspects: According to structural system According to material According to relative weight of component 2.1.3 Classification according to structural system Panel system The loads are distributes by the large floor and wall panel where the building loads is support by wall in panel system. This system is suitable for those building are required large wall and this system is not suitable to building with large span. Frame system In frame system, the building loads are support by column and beam. The walls used is required light and easy to fix and concrete panels are introduces as flooring element. Box system The box systems is include those systems that make use of three-dimensional modules or boxes for fabrication of habitable units that are able of withstanding load from various directions due to their internal stability. 2.1.4 Classification according to material Timber The prefabrication of timber consists of two types which are ready-cut plus shop fabrication of joints (column and beam) and structural panels only consists of walls and floors without column and beam. Steel All the steel elements are prefabricated in factory then only transport to site to joints by welding or bolting at site. The large proportion of the strength to the weight allows a long-span or high-rise building. Reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete has high degree of availability, durability, low material cost and fire resistance. There are two basic trends in development of reinforced concrete IBS components which are precast frame members such as columns and beams and panelised components such as walls and floors. Brick and block Brick and block for IBS are prefabricate and lay in factory then only transported to site and last erected at site. With this will ease the construction works at site. 2.1.5 Classification according to relative weight of component IBS components can be classified according to relative weight. Majzub explained that the relative weight of components should be used as a basis for building classification because the factor of weight has significant impact on the transportability of components and has influence on the production method of the components and their erection method at site. Table 1 is shown the building systems classification according to relative weight of component. (Majzub, 1977) Table 1: Classification according to relative weight of components (Majzub, 1977) 2.1.6 Types of IBS and apply to building in Malaysia Based on CIDB (2003) the classification of IBS in Malaysia is broken down into five categories, which is a precast concrete frame panel and box system, steel formwork system, steel framing system, block work system and timber frame system . IBS is a construction process that use of technology, products, components and on-site installation of building system. From the structural classification five of IBS display section, which are mainly classified according to some modifications, the main groups in Malaysia by CIDB. (CIDB 2003) 2.1.6.1 Precast Concrete Framing, Panel and box system Precast concrete components are the most common prefabricated elements in Malaysia. The precast concrete elements are the concrete product that manufactured in a controlled environment and being transported to the construction site for installation. There are precast concrete for columns, slabs, lightweight precast concrete, permanent concrete formwork, and beams. Besides that, it also consists of 3-D components such as staircases, toilet, balconies, lift chamber and etc. High degree of flexibility is one of the advantages of the system in regards of larger of larger clear span between column, resulting in wider open space and freedom of greater areas. Precast concrete wall system consisting og precast floor and load-bearing walls of building. The load-bearing walls and slabs are transfer to construction site for erected. The system is preferred simple and easy flexibility with due to the restriction of removal of load bearing will making it a lesser degree of flexibility. The carefully good coordination and design between builders and designer, the erection process is very fast, and the number of wet trade in the field can be reduced significantly. 2.1.6.2 Steel Formwork Systems This is the system formwork which is designed by manufacturer to replace a conventional timber formwork. The steel formwork is manufactured in the plant and then assembled on construction site. The steel reinforcement and service conduit will be installed on site before the steel formworks are installed. the installation is very easy by using simple support system. It can be described as a mould which the wet concrete can be poured into the mould and form the required shape, these steel formwork systems are subjected to quality control. This type of IBS method is considered as the low level in the construction industry. The steel formwork system that used in beams, permanent steel formworks, tunnel forms and column moulding forms. 2.1.6.3 Steel Framing Systems Steel is a strong rigid materials, suitable for a high degree of flexibility across the structure of long term construction and rehabilitation of the architectural details of the framework construction. The components of steel framing system are rolled into standardized sizes. The component are then manufactured which involves cutting, drilling, shot blasting, welding and painting. Steel frames are erected, welding and the tightening of bolt after they are fabricated. The steel framing systems has been a popular choice, and is widely used in fast track construction project, the system commonly used with precast concrete slab, steel columns and beams. 2.1.6.4 Prefabricated Timber Framing System In the early 1970s, single storey low cost terrace houses mostly built of pure timber frame and wood which sitting on three feet high plastered brick walls and taking advantages of simple raft foundation due to the high weight superstructure. These prefabricated timber framing systems is using the timber in the construction industry for the building. Usually the timber framing system are consists of timber building frames and timber roof trusses. Steel plate is being used during prefabrication of timber to join members of truss. All members needs to be treated with anti pest chemical. 2.1.6.5 Block Work Systems The time consuming traditional brick laying tasks are generally simplified by using block work systems. Interlocking concrete masonry units (CMU) and lightweight concrete blocks are involved in block work system. Fabricated and cured of the components take place in the plant. The elements are normally used as bricks in structures and interlocking concrete block pavement 2.1.7 Advantages of IBS for public housing There are many advantages of implementing IBS. according to CIDB (2003), compares to conventional method. Following are brief descriptions on a number of advantages where using IBS for the public housing:- Advantages Description Reduce construction time IBS will requires less construction time Because both the site work and the fabrication of element can take place concurrently work at site only the erection of IBS components. So, this leads to earlier occupation of the building. Save cost Reducing on-site workers significantly labor cost for contractors. (Wisam 2005). Minimizing cost of transferring waste materials due to quality control and reducing waste material. (Noraini 2009). Exemption of the Construction Levy for housing developers who utilize IBS components exceeding than 70%. (CIDB 2005). Provides earlier occupation of the building, thus reducing interest payment or capital outlays (Peng, 1986 cited in Mian, A.T.E, 2006). Saving in labour Because the IBS components are produced in factory and higher degree of using machine so will reduce of labour dependency of labour and cut down the cost of labour. According to Abraham Warszawski (1999), the labour savings in prefabricated elements may amount to about 80% of their conventional requirement. So, will reduced the total foreign workers need in the construction industry. Optimized use of materials Higher degree of precision and accuracy in the production can be achieve by using machine to produce IBS components and consequently reduce material wastage. So, the wastage at site will be reduced if using the IBS. High quality and better finishes Quality control is an ever-increasing requirement in all construction. Controlled environment in factor, superior material selection and high mechanized technology lead to high quality controlled products. (Din 1984). High aesthetic end products through the processes of controlled prefabrication and simplified installations has maintained and ensured the quality of work in the construction industry (CIDB-(2), 2003 cited in Mian, A.T.E, 2006). Better quality control since production in factory is under heltered environment. Better quality will reduce the maintenance expenses because prefabricated components require less repair and preventive maintenance. Construction operation less affected by weather The fabrication of IBS components will not be effected by climate changes it is done in factory and only erection of the components take place on site Faster project completion due to rapid progress under all weather construction. Flexibility Different systems may use different prefabrication construction methods. IBS will provide more flexibility in the deign of precast element. By the flexibility in Architectural design (Warszawski, 1999). Increase site safety and neatness This method neater and safer site condition can be obtain thru this method. Promote safe and systematic factory working environment as minimal workers, materials and construction waste is requires on site. (CIDB 2003). Construction process can be less thru using IBS components especially for the wet work at site. 2.1.8 Disadvantages of IBS for public Housing Although there are a lot of advantages of IBS, however there are limitations for this system to be use too. Nothing in this world is perfect, so as using IBS. disadvantages of IBS are as follows:- Disadvantages description High initial capital cost The initial capital cost of IBS is usually higher than conventional method. The initial cost is includes the casting beds, cost of constructing the factory and support machinery. This method only can be achieved when undertaking large demand for housing project. Problem of joints These methods are very sensitive to the errors and sloppy work. Water leakage between joints is often the major problem when IBS is being used. This problem is clearer in Malaysia where raining occur rapidly throughout the year. Sophisticated plants and skilled operators The prefabrication system relies heavily on sophisticated plant, when skilled operators are required to the fabrication process coordinate and maintain. The entire project would be on a stand still if any of the section breakdown. Site accessibility One of the most important factors of the implementation of IBS is the site accessibility. IBS requires sufficient site accessibility to transport IBS components from factory to the site. According to Warszawski (1999), the transportations cost of prefabricated elements from plant to their construction site, amount to 3% to 5% of their total cost for distances not exceeding 50kn to 100km. Large working area Building construction using IBS required a large working area for the tower crane, factory, storage and trailers for the IBS components. Most construction in order areas are often congested and fail to provide the area required.